E pili ana i ka Mea Kākau
[Mea kākau] Wang Leyang -- Loea Noi ʻenehana, SUN BANG TiO2
10+ mau makahiki o ka ʻike hana lima i ka hoʻohana ʻenehana titanium dioxide ma waena o nā ʻoihana uhi, plastics, rubber, a me ka pepa. He loea i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana rutile a me anatase TiO2, ke koho ʻana i ka papa, a me nā kūlana kūlike honua. Ua kākoʻo i nā hui kūʻai a me nā ʻenehana ma 20+ mau ʻāina i ke koho ʻana i nā huahana TiO2 kūpono no kā lākou mau kaʻina hana.
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TL;DR -- Nā Manaʻo Koʻikoʻi
> ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka refractive index o Rutile TiO2 (2.76 vs 2.55), ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūpaʻa UV, a ʻo ia ke koho maʻamau no nā uhi waho, nā plastics, a me nā noi āpau e koi ana i ka lōʻihi o ka manawa.
> ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hana ʻana o Anatase TiO2 ma kahi o 15-20%, hāʻawi ia i kahi leo palupalu, keʻokeʻo iki i makemake ʻia i ka pepa a me kekahi mau hana i loko, akā hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā mea hoʻopaʻa organik ma lalo o ka ʻike UV.
> ʻO ka ʻokoʻa loea koʻikoʻi hoʻokahi ka hana photocatalytic: ʻo ka anatase ma kahi o 10 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka photoactive ma mua o ka rutile, kahi e hoʻoulu pololei ai i ka chalking, ka nalowale ʻana o ka gloss, a me ka mae ʻana o ke kala i nā noi waho.
> ʻO Rutile ka helu no 85-90% o ka hana TiO2 honua; hoʻohana nui ʻia ka anatase i ka pepa, nā pena hoʻolālā hale o loko, ka laholio, a me ka masterbatch haʻahaʻa ke kumu kūʻai kahi i emi ai ka ʻike ʻana o ka UV.
> No nā mea kūʻai B2B, ʻo ke koho ʻana i ke ʻano kristal hewa no kahi noi waho e hopena pinepine i ka hāʻule ʻana o ka huahana i loko o 12-24 mau mahina -- he hewa e hiki ke uku nui aku ma mua o ka ʻokoʻa kumukūʻai mua ma waena o nā māka.
ʻO Rutile vs Anatase: Ka Pane Pōkole
ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka rutile a me ka anatase titanium dioxide e iho ana i hoʻokahi kumu nui: ke ʻano kristal. ʻO nā mea ʻelua he TiO2 kemika -- nā ʻātoma like o ka titanium a me ka oxygen -- akā ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia i nā ʻano geometric like ʻole e hana ana i nā waiwai optical a me nā kemika like ʻole.
He ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ka lattice kristal o Rutile a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi. Hoʻopuni ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻātoma titanium e ʻeono mau ʻātoma oxygen i loko o kahi hoʻonohonoho octahedral i hoʻololi iki ʻia. Hāʻawi kēia ʻūlū paʻa iā rutile i kāna index refractive kiʻekiʻe (2.76), ke kūpaʻa kemika nui aʻe, a me ka hana photocatalytic haʻahaʻa loa. Loaʻa iā Anatase kahi ʻano kristal hāmama a emi iki ka paʻa me kahi hoʻonohonoho tetragonal e hana ana i kahi index refractive o 2.55 a ma kahi o 10 mau manawa o ka hana photocatalytic o rutile.
>> Pane Nugget: ʻO Rutile a me anatase ʻelua mau ʻano kristal o ka hui kemika like (TiO2). ʻOi aku ka paʻa o Rutile, ʻoi aku ka paʻa, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka refractive index (2.76 vs 2.55), a ʻo ia ke kūlana ʻoihana no nā noi waho. ʻOi aku ka palupalu o Anatase, ʻoi aku ka photoactive, a hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā noi o loko kahi i liʻiliʻi ai ka hōʻike ʻana o UV a ʻo ke kumukūʻai ke kumu nui.
Rutile vs Anatase: Hoʻohālikelike helu
Hōʻike ka papa ma lalo nei i kahi hoʻohālikelike poʻo-a-poʻo ma waena o 12 mau ana loea. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēlā me kēia helu i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka ʻikepili ʻoihana i paʻi ʻia a hōʻoia ʻia ma o nā ʻano hoʻāʻo maʻamau ASTM/ISO.
| Waiwai | ʻO Rutile TiO2 | ʻAnatase TiO2 |
| ʻIneki Refractive | 2.76 (ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā pigment keʻokeʻo āpau) | 2.55 |
| Ka nui (g/cm3) | 4.26 | 3.90 |
| Paʻakikī (unahi Mohs) | 6.5 - 7.0 | 5.5 - 6.0 |
| Hana Photocatalytic | Haʻahaʻa (kumukūʻai) | ~10x ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka rutile |
| Ka Lihi Hoʻomoʻa UV | ~410 nm | ~385 nm |
| Ke kū'ē ʻana i ke aniau | Maikaʻi loa -- kūpono no nā makahiki he 25+ ma waho | ʻilihune me ka ʻole o ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻili |
| ʻĀlohilohi (Hunter L) | ʻO ka maʻamau 94 - 96 | ʻO ka maʻamau 93 - 95 |
| Leo Haʻahaʻa | Melemele iki-keʻokeʻo | Keʻokeʻo iki polū |
| Ka omo ʻana o ka ʻaila (g/100g) | 15 - 22 | 18 - 25 |
| ʻIke TiO2 (maʻamau) | >= 93% | >= 98% |
| Kaʻana Hana | ~85-90% o ka hoʻopuka honua | ~10-15% o ka hoʻopuka honua |
| Kumukūʻai Pili | Kahua kumu (kiʻekiʻe aʻe) | 15-20% haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka rutile like |
No ke aha ʻo Rutile ke kūlana ʻoihana no nā noi waho
>> Pane Nugget: ʻO Rutile TiO2 ka mea nui i nā noi waho (nā uhi, nā plastics, nā mea kūkulu hale) no ka mea, ʻo kona ʻano kristal paʻa e hana i nā radical manuahi liʻiliʻi ma lalo o ka hōʻike UV, e pale ana i ka chalking, ka nalowale o ka gloss, a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka mea hoʻopaʻa e hana ai ka anatase TiO2 i ka lā.
Ua ʻike au i kēia hana ma nā papahana maoli i nā manawa he nui ma mua o kaʻu hiki ke helu. I ka makahiki 2018, ua hoʻololi kahi mea hana pena ʻAsia Hikina Hema mai kahi rutile kiʻekiʻe i kahi anatase TiO2 haʻahaʻa ke kumu kūʻai no kā lākou pena paia waho e hōʻemi i nā kumukūʻai mea maka ma kahi o $180 no ke tona. I loko o 14 mau mahina, ua piha kā lākou mea hoʻolaha i nā hoʻopiʻi: ua mae nā kiʻi pena, ua mae nā kala, a i kekahi mau hihia ua nalowale ka uhi i ka nui o ka paʻa o ka mea hoʻopaʻa a hiki ke holoi ʻia me kahi manamana lima.
ʻO ke kumu nui, ʻo ia ka photocatalysis. Ke omo ʻo TiO2 i ka mālamalama UV, hoʻopuka ia i nā hui electron-hole e hana me ka wai a me ka oxygen ma ka ʻili pigment e hana i nā radical hydroxyl (OH-) a me nā anions superoxide (O2-). Hoʻouka kēia mau ʻano oxygen reactive i ka mea hoʻopaʻa polymer organik i loko o ka pena a me ka plastic, e uhaki ana i nā kaulahao molekala a e hoʻoulu ai i ka degradation holomua. No ka mea, he band gap ko anatase ma kahi o 3.2 eV (e kū'ē i ka 3.0 eV no ka rutile), omo ia i kahi ʻāpana ākea o ka spectrum UV a hoʻopuka i kahi o 10 mau manawa hou aku o nā radical reactive.
ʻAʻole kēia he ʻokoʻa liʻiliʻi o ka maikaʻi -- he kūlike ʻole ia ma waena o ka anatase TiO2 a me nā koi kūpaʻa o waho. ʻO ka Rutile-grade TiO2, ʻoiai ke mālama ʻia ka ʻili me nā uhi alumina (Al2O3) a i ʻole silica (SiO2), e hoʻopau i kēia mau wahi reactive a lawe mai i ka hana photocatalytic i lalo i nā pae i ʻae ʻia e ke kālepa. Wahi a ISO 591-1, ʻaʻole pono nā māka rutile i manaʻo ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i waho e hōʻike i ka chalking koʻikoʻi ma hope o 2,000 mau hola o ka wikiwiki o ka weathering (QUV-B a i ʻole xenon arc testing e like me ASTM G154).
ʻO kahi o Anatase TiO2 ke koho maikaʻi loa
>> Pane Nugget: Hāʻawi ʻo Anatase TiO2 i nā pono kūikawā ma ʻekolu mau wahi: ka hana pepa (kahi e hoʻonui ai kona leo palupalu, keʻokeʻo uliuli i ka ʻālohilohi i ʻike ʻia ma ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa), nā pena hoʻolālā hale o loko (kahi i nele ai ka ʻike UV), a me kekahi mau noi rapa a me ka fiber (kahi e ʻoi aku ai ka ʻike o ke kumukūʻai ma mua o nā koi paʻa).
I mea e kūpono ai i ka anatase, ʻaʻole ia he huahana haʻahaʻa -- he huahana ʻokoʻa ia i hoʻolālā ʻia no nā noi like ʻole. I ka hana pepa, no ka laʻana, ʻo nā ʻano anatase ka hapa nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana o TiO2 no ka mea ke kūʻē nei ke kala polū iki o ka anatase i ka waihoʻoluʻu melemele maoli o nā olonā pulp lāʻau, e hana ana i kahi pepa ʻoi aku ka mālamalama me ka ʻole o ka pono no nā mea hoʻomālamalama optical. ʻO nā ʻano Anatase TiO2 i hana ʻia no ka pepa e hāʻawi pinepine i ka opacity 10-15% kiʻekiʻe aʻe no kēlā me kēia anakahi kaumaha i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka calcium carbonate ma ka pae hoʻouka like.
I nā noi rapa - ʻoiai nā kaila paia keʻokeʻo, nā kapuaʻi kāmaʻa, a me ka papahele rapa - makemake pinepine ʻia ka anatase TiO2 no ka mea ʻo ke kala keʻokeʻo palupalu iki e hana i kahi ʻano nani, a ʻo ka matrix rapa ponoʻī e hāʻawi i kahi pale UV ma o ke kalapona ʻeleʻele a i ʻole nā mea hoʻopihapiha ʻē aʻe i loko o ka hui. ʻO ka pono kumukūʻai o ka anatase (maʻamau he 15-20% haʻahaʻa no kēlā me kēia tona i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā māka rutile like) e lilo ia i koho kūpono i ka hoʻokele waiwai ke mālama ʻia ka lōʻihi o ka UV e nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe i loko o ka hoʻohuihui.
Nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o Rutile a me Anatase i ke kaʻina hana
>> Pane Nugget: Hiki ke hana ʻia ʻo Rutile TiO2 e nā kaʻina hana sulfate a me chloride, ʻoiai ua hana wale ʻia ka anatase TiO2 ma o ke kaʻina hana sulfate. Hoʻomalu ʻia ke ʻano kristal e ka mahana calcination: hana ʻia ka anatase ma nā mahana haʻahaʻa (800-900 C), ʻoiai ʻo rutile e koi ana i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe (950-1,100 C) a me nā kristal lūlū rutile.
He hopena pololei kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo hana i ke kūʻai ʻana. Inā koi kāu noi i ka anatase TiO2, pono kāu mea hoʻolako e hana i kahi laina hana hana sulfate. Hana nā hale hana Chloride i nā ʻano rutile wale nō. ʻO ke kaʻina hana sulfate, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi ma ke ʻano o ka puka ʻana o ke ʻano kristal, hoʻopuka ia ma kahi o 3-4 tons o ka ʻōpala hao sulfate heptahydrate (copperas) no kēlā me kēia tone o TiO2 i hana ʻia, kahi e lawe ai i nā kumukūʻai hoʻokele kaiapuni i hōʻike hapa ʻia ma ke kumukūʻai mākeke.
Ma SUN BANG, loaʻa iā mākou nā mea hana e hoʻohana ana i nā ʻenehana ʻelua. ʻO kēia komo pālua ke ʻano hiki iā mākou ke hāʻawi i nā māka anatase ma ke kumukūʻai hoʻokūkū maoli me ka hāʻawi pū ʻana i nā māka rutile kaʻina hana chloride i ka wā e pono ai nā mea kūʻai aku i ka hoʻolaha nui o nā ʻāpana a me ka ʻōlinolino kiʻekiʻe aʻe a ke kaʻina hana chloride e hāʻawi ai. ʻAʻohe ala hana "maikaʻi loa" hoʻokahi -- aia wale nō ka huahana kūpono no kāu noi kikoʻī.
Pehea e hōʻoia ai i ka ʻike Rutile i loko o kāu lako TiO2
>> Pane Nugget: Hiki ke hōʻoia ʻia ka pakeneka o ke ʻano kristal rutile i loko o kahi hāpana TiO2 ma o ka loiloi X-ray diffraction (XRD), e like me ASTM D3720. ʻO ka maʻamau, loaʻa i nā papa rutile kalepa >= 98% ka nui o ka rutile, ʻoiai ʻo nā papa anatase he >= 98% anatase. ʻO kēlā me kēia hui nui ʻana o nā ʻano kristal i loko o hoʻokahi pūʻulu he hae ʻulaʻula maikaʻi.
I koʻu ʻike i ka nānā ʻana i nā hoʻouna TiO2, ʻo kekahi o nā pilikia maikaʻi maʻamau ka haumia ʻano kristal -- haumia anatase i loko o kahi hoʻouna rutile-grade, a i ʻole ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe. ʻOiai ka haumia anatase 5% i loko o kahi rutile grade hiki ke hōʻemi i ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka wā i ka huahana i hoʻopau ʻia. ʻO ia ke kumu e pono ai ka loiloi XRD e lilo i ʻāpana o kēlā me kēia protocol kaohi maikaʻi e hiki mai ana no nā mea kūʻai B2B e hoʻohana ana iā TiO2 i nā noi waho.
Ma waho aʻe o XRD, hiki i kahi hoʻāʻo empirical maʻalahi ke hāʻawi i kahi hōʻoia wikiwiki o ke kahua: ka hoʻopuehu ʻana i kahi liʻiliʻi o TiO2 i loko o kahi resin alkyd maopopo a hōʻike iā ia i ka lā o waho a i ʻole ke kukui UV no 48-72 mau hola. E hōʻike kahi hāpana rutile-grade i ka melemele liʻiliʻi a i ʻole ka chalking, ʻoiai e hoʻomaka kahi hāpana anatase e hōʻike i ka hōʻino ʻike ʻia. ʻAʻole kēia he pani no ka XRD hale hana, akā he ʻano hana kūpono ia aʻu i aʻo aku ai i nā hui kūʻai he nui e pono e hōʻoia i nā hoʻouna ma mua o ka ʻae ʻana i ka lawe ʻana.
ʻO wai kāu e koho ai? He ʻōnaehana hoʻoholo
Ma hope o 10 mau makahiki o ke kōkua ʻana i nā mea kūʻai aku e hana i kēia hoʻoholo pololei, ua hoʻomohala wau i kahi ʻōnaehana maʻalahi. E pane i kēia mau nīnau ʻekolu:
ʻAno Hoʻoholo
1. E hōʻike ʻia anei kāu huahana i ka mālamalama UV o waho?
Inā ʻAe -> Koho iā rutile. Kau. ʻOi aku ke kumukūʻai o ka hāʻule ʻana (hoʻihoʻi huahana, hōʻino ʻia ka brand, nā koi palapala hōʻoia) ma mua o ka ʻokoʻa kumukūʻai ma nā kauoha o ka nui.
Inā ʻAʻOLE -> E hele i ka nīnau 2.
2. Aia ka hoʻopili ʻana ma ka pepa, ka pena o loko, a i ʻole ka laholio?
Inā ʻAe -> ʻO Anatase paha ke koho kūpono loa. ʻO kona leo palupalu, keʻokeʻo uliuli e hāʻawi pinepine i nā hopena ʻike maikaʻi aʻe i kēia mau noi, a ʻo ka mālama kālā 15-20% e hoʻomaikaʻi pololei i kāu margin.
Inā ʻAʻOLE -> E hele i ka nīnau 3.
3. Ua hoʻokomo mua anei kāu ʻano hana i nā mea hoʻopaʻa UV ikaika e hoʻoponopono ana i ka hana kiʻi TiO2?
Inā ʻAe -> ʻO Anatase paha ke kūpono, akā pono ʻoe e holo i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻololi wikiwiki (QUV-B, 2,000+ hola no kēlā me kēia ISO 591-1) ma mua o ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā nui hana.
Inā ʻAʻOLE a i ʻole UNSURE -> E koho i ka rutile. ʻO ke kumukūʻai hoʻonui no kēlā me kēia tona he inikua ia e kūʻē i ka hāʻule ʻana o ka huahana.
>> Pane Nugget: E koho i ka rutile no kekahi noi i hōʻike ʻia i ka lā. E koho i ka anatase no ka pepa o loko, nā pena o loko, a me ka rubber kahi i nele ai ka UV a he mea nui ka mālama kālā ʻana o 15-20%. Ke kānalua, e hoʻāʻo me ka wikiwiki o ka weathering ma mua o ka hana ʻana - hiki i ke kumukūʻai o ka hewa ke ʻoi aku ma mua o 10x o ka ʻokoʻa kumukūʻai.
ʻEkolu mau hewa maʻamau a nā mea kūʻai aku B2B e hana ai me Rutile vs Anatase
Kuhihewa 1: Ke koho ʻana ma muli o ke kumukūʻai wale nō. ʻAʻole loa ʻo "ka TiO2 makepono loa" ke kumu koho kūpono. Ua ʻike au i nā mea kūʻai e mālama ana i $200/tona ma nā mea maka a nalowale wale nō $50,000 i ka huahana i hoʻihoʻi ʻia. E alakaʻi mau me nā koi noi, ʻaʻole ke kumukūʻai o ka ʻāpana.
Kuhihewa 2: Ke manaʻo nei ua like nā rutile āpau. ʻAʻole hana like nā rutile TiO2 āpau. ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻili (alumina, silica, zirconia, organic), ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka nui o nā ʻāpana, a me ke kaʻina hana (sulfate vs chloride) e hana i nā ʻokoʻa hana koʻikoʻi i loko o ka māhele rutile. ʻO kahi rutile hana sulfate no nā uhi hoʻolālā kūloko a me kahi rutile hana chloride no nā topcoats kaʻa he mau huahana ʻokoʻa loa.
Kuhihewa 3: ʻAʻole noi i kahi palapala hōʻoia o ka loiloi (COA) me ka ʻikepili XRD. Pono kēlā me kēia ukana TiO2 e hele mai me kahi COA e komo pū ana me ka pakeneka o ka ʻike rutile i hoʻoholo ʻia e ka diffraction X-ray. Inā ʻaʻole hiki i kāu mea hoʻolako ke hāʻawi i kēia, e ʻimi i kahi mea hoʻolako e hiki.
Nā Nīnau i Nīnau Pinepine ʻia
Q: Hiki iaʻu ke hoʻohui i ka rutile a me ka anatase TiO2 i ka hoʻohui like?
ʻAe ma ke ʻano loea, akā ʻaʻole i ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia no nā noi koʻikoʻi i ka maikaʻi. ʻO ka hoʻohuihui ʻana i nā ʻano kristal e hana i ka hana weathering i manaʻo ʻole ʻia no ka mea e hōʻemi wikiwiki ka ʻāpana anatase, e hana ana i nā micro-voids i loko o ka ʻili e hoʻolalelale i ka hāʻule ʻana o ka uhi holoʻokoʻa. Inā pono ʻoe e hoʻohuihui no nā kumu kumukūʻai, e kaupalena i ka anatase i <= 10% o ka nui o ka TiO2 a hana i ka hōʻoia piha o ka weathering ma mua o ka hana ʻana.
Q: ʻEhia ke kumukūʻai o ka rutile i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka anatase?
A: E like me ka hapaha 2 o 2026, ʻo ka rutile TiO2 maʻamau ke kauoha nei i kahi uku kiʻekiʻe o 15-20% ma luna o nā ʻano anatase like mai ka mea hana like. Eia nō naʻe, ke emi nei kēia uku kiʻekiʻe i ka wā e emi ana ka hiki ke hana anatase ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Ma kekahi mau mākeke, ua emi ka ʻokoʻa kumukūʻai i 10-12% i ka wā e emi ana nā hale hana hana sulfate e mālama i nā laina anatase i hoʻolaʻa ʻia.
Q: Ke hoʻolako nei ʻo SUN BANG i ka rutile a me ka anatase TiO2?
A: ʻAe. Hāʻawi mākou i kahi laulā piha o nā papa rutile (BR-3669, BR-3668, BR-3663, BR-3662, BR-3661, BCR-858, BCR-856, R-251) no nā uhi ʻana, nā plastics, a me nā noi waho, a me nā papa anatase (BA-1220, BA-1221) i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia no ka pepa, nā pena o loko, a me ka rubber. Kākoʻo ʻia nā huahana āpau e ka palapala COA piha me ka hōʻoia ʻana o ke ʻano kristal XRD.
Q: Aia kekahi ala ʻike maka e hoʻokaʻawale ai i ka rutile mai ka anatase?
A: ʻAʻole hilinaʻi. He mau pauka keʻokeʻo maikaʻi nā mea ʻelua e like me ka maka ʻōlohelohe. Loaʻa iā Rutile kahi leo mehana iki, melemele, ʻoiai ʻo anatase e hilinaʻi iki ana i ka uliuli-keʻokeʻo, akā he akahai kēia mau ʻokoʻa a ʻaʻole hilinaʻi no ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka maikaʻi. ʻO nā ʻano hana wale nō (XRD, a i ʻole UV-Vis spectroscopy e like me ASTM D476) hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale maopopo i nā ʻano kristal.
Nā Kuhikuhi a me ka Heluhelu Hou Aku
* ASTM D476-21 -- Ka Hoʻokaʻawale Kūlana no nā Huahana Titanium Dioxide Pigmentary Maloʻo (e komo pū ana me ka hoʻokaʻawale rutile/anatase)
* ISO 591-1:2000 -- Nā Pigments Titanium Dioxide no nā Pena -- Māhele 1: Nā Kikoʻī a me nā ʻAno Hoʻāʻo
* ASTM D3720-90(2019) -- Ke ʻAno Hoʻāʻo Maʻamau no ka Lāki o Anatase i Rutile i loko o nā Pigments Titanium Dioxide e ka X-Ray Diffraction
* ASTM G154-23 -- Hana Maʻamau no ka Hana ʻana i nā Mea Hana Kukui Fluorescent Ultraviolet (UV) no ka Hōʻike ʻana i nā Mea
* Winkler, J. (2013). Titanium Dioxide: Hana ʻana, Nā Waiwai a me ka Hoʻohana Pono. Pūnaewele Vincentz. (Kuhikuhi loea piha e pili ana i nā hopena hoʻonohonoho kristal)
Pono ke kōkua i ka hoʻoholo ʻana ma waena o Rutile lāua ʻo Anatase no kāu noi?
Hāʻawi mākou i nā kūkākūkā loea manuahi e kōkua iā ʻoe e ʻike i ka papa TiO2 kūpono no kāu ʻano hana kikoʻī. Hiki i kā mākou hui ke hoʻonohonoho i nā nui laʻana (1-5 kg) o nā papa rutile a me anatase no ka loiloi ʻaoʻao ma kāu keʻena ponoʻī, me ka palapala XRD COA piha i hoʻokomo ʻia.
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Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iune-10-2026
